⭕️の部分のitはどういう働きですか 訳は印からです

and therefore lives shorter. An animal's ability to maintain homeostasis not only depends on the amount of energy it allocates to maintenance but also on the quality of the *tissue it produces. And the quality of that tissue is at least partially due to the energy it invests in making biomass. In other words, fancy stuff costs more to make but lasts longer. My hope is that these results could be used as a framework to investigate how differences in a person's development and growth rate affect their health, risk fo (3) aging-related diseases and lifespan. It also opens a door to a new research area: [ (Adapted from Chen Hou, Grow fast, die young? Animals that invest in building high-qual biomaterials may slow aging and increase their lifespans) (注) *ecophysiologist *metabolism t *fuel ~を促進する

下線部Dと答え.ウはなぜ同じ用法なんでしょうか 教えてください🙏

closer to reality. Researchers have investigated the use of electricity to stimulate vision for nearly half a century. In the 1960's, a *physiologist implanted 80 electrodes on the surface of a blind person's *visual cortex, a region at the back of the brain. Wireless stimulation of the electrodes made the patient see spots of light known as *phosphenes. This is the first stop for visual signals coming from the eye. (D) By the 1980's, a crop of *ophthalmologists began considering a narrower and seemingly easier-to-solve problem: making *prostheses for the eye. They suggested that degrade *photoreceptor cells called *rods and cones, still leave large portions of the retina intact even after a patient has become totally blind. The way to stimulate the remaining functional cells was proved *feasible in the mid-1990's. A device consisting of a tiny video camera perched on the bridge of a pair of glasses, a belt-worn video processing unit, and an electronic box, was developed recently. The electronic box issues signals to an implant behind the patient's ear that has wires running to a grid of 16 electrodes affixed to the output layer of the retina. The video processor wirelessly transmits a simplified picture of what the camera images to the box, and then the retinal implant stimulates cells in a pattern roughly reflecting that information.

(221)についての質問です。 どうしてwhichの直後にsurprisedが来ているのでしょうか。 made everyone surprisedかis surprising by everyoneとかになるかと思いました。 どなたか文の構造を教えていただきたいです🙇‍♀️

としたが、それは不可能だった。 わたが,それにはみんなが驚いた [←そのことはみ 旅行できる日を楽しみにしています。 ットの練習ができる部屋がほしい。 みたい理由を教えてください。 肌に合って b)句や節の内容を受ける which I tried to catch up with Takumi, which was impossible. [旬] 220 Yuka quit the club suddenly, which surprised everyone. [節] 221 220 私はタクミに追いつこうとしたが, それは不可能だった。 221 ユカは突然クラブをやめたが,それにはみんなが驚いた [←そのことはみんなを驚かせた] 。 非制限用法の which は,名詞だけでなく句や節の内容を先行詞にすることがあ る。220 では, to catch up with Takumi (タクミに追いつくこと)という句を 221 では Yuka quit the club suddenly (ユカが突然クラブをやめた)という節 (前の文全体) が先行詞になり, which 以下がそれを補足説明している。 Shelly says she is sick, which is not true. [節] (前の文の一部) (シェリーは気分が悪いと言っているが, それは本当ではない。) - なお,この用法は, 話し言葉でもよく使われる。 Tips for Expression! 17 非制限用法を使う場合 関係代名詞の制限用法は, 先行詞を絞りこむ (=制限する) 働きをする。 次の文で 複数いる医者の中から「父の命を救ってくれた医者」に絞り込んで特定している。 I admire the doctor who saved my father's life. (私は父の命を救ってくれた医者を尊敬しています。) これに対し, Dr. Yamanaka Shinya のような固有名詞は絞り込むことができ いので、 非制限用法しか使えない。 ■I admire Dr. Yamanaka Shinya, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012. (私は山中伸弥博士を尊敬してい ます。 彼は2012年にノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞しました。) 文で who を制限用法にすると、 「山中伸弥博士」が複数人いること しまう。 一,次の文では,先行詞 this movie は1つに限定されるので

写真１枚目の英文（上から９段目）に質問です。 ここでのprovideは、provide O（laboratory） O（models）ですか？

英文 of 1 The one-two research punch that allowed the creation designer mice has earned the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Mario Capecchi, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Oliver Smithies of 5 the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Martin Evans of Cardif University, U.K., will share the prize for developing the techniques to make knockout mice, animals that lack a specific gene or genes. Such mice have allowed scientists to learn the roles of thousands of mammalian genes and provided laboratory models of human afflictions

和訳最初のほうの、ワンツーパンチ級の研究、の意味がわからないです。すごい、みたいな感じですか？

テーマ 9 専門性☆☆☆/英文レベル★★ | ノックアウト･マウス [英文] 11 The one-two research punch that allowed the creation of designer mice has earned the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Mario Capecchi, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Oliver Smithies of 5 the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Martin Evans of Cardiff University, U.K., will share the prize for developing the techniques to make knockout mice, animals that lack a specific gene or genes. Such mice have allowed scientists to learn the roles of thousands of mammalian genes and provided laboratory models of human afflictions 10 in which to test potential therapies.」

なぜdに入るのが③なんですか？④ではないのですか？

Who was the first scientist? It wasn't Isaac Newton. Today, it is generally acknowledged that Newton never thought of himself as a scientist. He couldn't, for the word didn't exist in was not only a scientist, but the greatest scientist who ever lived, yet (Newton his time. Newton thought of himself as a "philosopher," a word that (a)dates back to the ancient Greek thinkers and that comes from Greek words (b)meaning "lover of wisdom." There are different kinds of wisdom we might love, of course. Some philosophers are concerned chiefly with the wisdom derived from the study of the world about us and the manner of its workings. The world { c ℗ about 2 be 3 can 4 referred 5 to 6 us as "nature," from the Latin word meaning “birth." Nature, in other words, is everything that has been created or that has come into being. Philosophers who deal primarily with nature are, therefore, "natural philosophers." Newton thought of himself as a natural philosopher, and the sort of thing he studied was natural philosophy. Thus, when he wrote the book (d) he carefully described his three laws of motion and his theory of universal gravitation—the greatest scientific book ever written-he called it (in Latin) Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which in English is The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. The Greek word for "natural" is physikos, which in English becomes physical. Natural philosophy might also be spoken of as "physical philosophy, which can be shortened to “physics.” on. Physics As natural philosophy grew and expanded, all kinds of special studies developed. People began to speak of chemistry, of geology, of physiology, and so was whatever was left over, so it didn't suit as a general overall word for natural philosophy. Yet you needed some such short word, for natural philosophy was a seven-syllable mouthful.

To take a psychological approach とTaking a physiological approach is は同じ意味になりますか？？

mainstreamⅢ chapter18 章末問題 解答教えてください！

6 Chapter 18 Comprehension a. On the basis of Gurdon's research, Yamanaka revealed that specialized cells from a mature Choose the appropriate answer. body can be transformed into iPS cells. frog. b. Gurdon placed cells from the skin of mice into an unfertilized egg cell of a c. Yamanaka took cells from the blood of mice and transformed them into a baby. d. The only difference between Gurdon's and Yamanaka's experiments was what cells they used. e. Organ rejection will no longer be a problem because it has become possible to develop organs from the patients' own cells. f. iPS cells will soon make it possible to cure all types of diseases. g. Yamanaka admits that iPS technology has done harm in some cases. h. Even as a scientist Professor Yamanaka believed that his mother saw his father's ghost. i. Professor Yamanaka has never thought of giving up research. found iPS ce j. What Professor Yamanaka wanted to say in the speech was what seems unfortunate at first may turn out to be fortunate in the end. not e mes B Choose the most appropriate main theme. a. John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka won the Nobel Prize because they helped each other for 40 years to create iPS cells. Chapter 18 | Minis SO 15 b. We should be careful about new technology because it takes time to put it into use and it can do harm. 24 c. Professor Yamanaka has experienced challenges in his life but they were also opportunities, one of which led to the Nobel Prize.

教えてほしいです！！お願いします！！

問題は【1】~【4】まである。答えは各問題の指示に従って別紙の解答用紙に書きなさい。 【1】次の英文を読んで設問に答えなさい。 Headaches are a big problem. Each year, millions of people suffer from severe headaches that affect their enjoyment of life, (1) not to mention their productivity at work. estimate, headaches cost individuals and businesses more than (2) $50 billion each year! (3) This is one of the reasons research into headaches has become a worldwide effort. Although he did not know much about how headaches work, Hippocrates was the first doctor to find a way to treat them. By 400 BC, Hippocrates had discovered that the *bark from willow trees was useful in treating pain. He made a white powder from the tree's bark and gave it to his patients. Hippocrates did not know it, but he was actually prescribing a natural chemical in willow bark called salicin. Whena person eats salicin, the chemical is changed inside his or her body into (4) salicylic acid. It turns out that salicylic acid is good for stopping pain, including headache pain, but it is bad for a person's stomach. In the 1800s, a chemist in Germany slightly changed easier for people to take. commonly known as aspirin. Aspirin was used throughout most of the 1900s to treat headaches, but doctors had little idea about what really caused headaches. When doctors can *diagnose the cause of a disease, they can find better ways to treat it. Therefore, as medical technology developed, doctors began to use it to learn more about the human brain and about headaches. In fact, according to one m to make it This new form of the chemical was called acetylsalicylic acid, now acid's Now doctors classify headaches ( A ) two general types: primary and secondary. A primary headache is a condition ( B) as only the headache itself. one caused by another physiological condition, such as an *infection or a *tumor. For primary headaches, doctors have determined three possible causes. headache is caused by stress. characteristically felt on both sides of the head as a dull, steady pain. Another kind of primary headache is the *migraine headache. Exactly what causes these headaches is not well understood, but many experts believe it could be abnormal brain activity causing changes in the brain's chemistry and blood flow. For many people, migraines are caused by certain (5) stimuli, such as poor sleep or particular foods or smells. A sufferer usually feels intense pain on one side of the head and becomes sensitive to light and noise. If the migraine is severe, the sufferer may *vomit repeatedly. The third kind of primary headache is known as the cluster headache. Cluster headaches typically occur around the same time each day for weeks or months at a time. The person ( C)from this kind of headache usually feels pain on one side of her or his head, and the pain is centered around one of the eyes. Doctors do not know much (6) at present about cluster headaches, but they seem to be more common among men and could be related to alcohol or other things that affect a person's blood flow. Using computers and more advanced medical equipment, doctors continue to learn more about what happens in the brain before and during headaches. Especially in the case of migraines, some doctors believe they have found the part of the brain that sets off the reaction for severe attacks. With these insights into brain processes, doctors hope new ways will be discovered to stop headaches before they begin. On the other hand, a secondary headache is One kind of primary Doctors usually call these tension headaches, and they are 注: bark 樹皮 diagnose ~を診断する、~を突き止める 感染症·伝染病 migraine (headache) 偏頭痛 infection tumor 腫場 vomit 食べたものを吐く (出典:READING FOR THE REAL WORLD 3rd edition, Compass Publishing より)

上から2行目の、believed inとensuringの繋がりが見えません。ここでのensuringはどのように捉えるべきですか？ もしこのensuringからを分詞構文の節として取ると、ensuring patientsが主語、wereがV、possible がCになる... 続きを読む

Mandeville Hospital in Buckinghamshire|whigh opgned in March 1943| the situation greatly improved. Gutgnann strongly believed in ensuring patients were as physically active as possible, firstly imposing on his staff a routine Va Va of turning patients regularly to avoid bedsores, and then encouraging the use of physiotherapy and patient participation in sport. This had two benefits: it counteracted some of the physical symptoms of prolonged confíinement to bed, but perhaps more importantly, helped patients feel less isolated and depressed by their changed circumstances. Sport allowed social interaction and a sense of personal achievement, and to some extent, a return to normality.