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Unit 20-Cognitive Linguistics-
| 519 words / 筑波大
1
識別
One of the most important things that language does for us is help us make distinctions.
implicitly, automatically all other
When we call something edible, we distinguish it from -
R
オ
2
5
things that are inedible. When we call something a fruit, we necessarily distinguish it from
vegetables, meat, dairy, and so on.
初期の人
組織した。彼らの精神と
基本的な私たちがまた
有効的に
② (1) Early humans organized their minds and thoughts around basic distinctions/that we still
make and find useful. One of the earliest distinctions made was between now/and not-now; /
these things are happening in the moment these other things happened in the past and are now
in my memory. No other species makes this self-conscious distinction among past, present, and
future. Of course many species respond to time by building nests, flying south, hibernating",
10 mating
but these are preprogrammed, instinctive behaviors and these actions are not the
物体の永抂
result of conscious decision, meditation, or planning.
13
Simultaneous with an understanding of now versus before is one of (2) object permanence:
Something may not be in my immediate view, but that does not mean it has ceased to exist. Our
存在をつかむではない?
何かはすぐには見えないかも
brains represent objects that are here-and-now as the information comes in from our sensory
2 15 receptors For example, we see a deer and we know through our eyes that the deer is standing
n& right before us! When the deer is gone we can remember its image and represent it in our
mind's eve, or even represent it externally by drawing or painting or sculpting it.
Jon
上の
4 This human capacity to distinguish the here-and-now from the here-and-not-now.showed up
初の記校
なだがここにあって、何がここにあったか
at least 50,000 years ago in cave paintings. (3) These constitute the first evidence of any species on
芝援 識別
ひきる
120 earth being able to explicitly represent the distinction between what is here and what was here. In
as
other words those early cave-dwelling Picassos, through the very act of painting, were making a
distinction about time and place and objects, an advanced cognitive operation we now call mental
representation* And what they were demonstrating was an articulated sense of time: There was a
deer out there (not here on the cave wall of course). He is not there now, but he was there before.
25 Now and before are different; here (the cave wall) is merely representing there (the meadow in
front of the cave). This prehistoric step in the organization of our minds mattered a great deal.
5 In making such distinctions, (4) we are implicitly forming categories, something that is often
す
overlooked The formation of categories in humans is guided by a cognitive principle of wanting
多くの何報をできる!
325 h
to encode as much information as possible with the least possible effort. Categorization systems
optimize* the ease of conception and the importance of being able to communicate about those
hibernate 冬眠する
sensory receptor: 感覚受容器 (体の周囲の環境情報を感知する受容器の総称。 目、鼻、耳など)
cognitive : 認識の mental representation 的表象(例えば人が「イヌ」を考えるとき、それは頭の中で文字でも映像でも
音でもない 何らかの形で思い描かれるが,この「頭の中の記号」のことを心的表象という)
encode:・・・を記号化する
optimize ... を最大限にする permeate : ･･･ に広がる
英
6
音
