赤線部分についてです。私は｢any species｣を｢いかなる種｣と訳したのですが、日本語訳や解説を見るに、"any species"は"a species"という意味を表してるそうです。今までanyにひとつの物を限定するイメージを持っておらず、調べてもあまり理解できなか... 続きを読む

2 Unit 20-Cognitive Linguistics- | 519 words / 筑波大 1 識別 One of the most important things that language does for us is help us make distinctions. implicitly, automatically all other When we call something edible, we distinguish it from - R オ 2 5 things that are inedible. When we call something a fruit, we necessarily distinguish it from vegetables, meat, dairy, and so on. 初期の人 組織した。彼らの精神と 基本的な私たちがまた 有効的に ② (1) Early humans organized their minds and thoughts around basic distinctions/that we still make and find useful. One of the earliest distinctions made was between now/and not-now; / these things are happening in the moment these other things happened in the past and are now in my memory. No other species makes this self-conscious distinction among past, present, and future. Of course many species respond to time by building nests, flying south, hibernating", 10 mating but these are preprogrammed, instinctive behaviors and these actions are not the 物体の永抂 result of conscious decision, meditation, or planning. 13 Simultaneous with an understanding of now versus before is one of (2) object permanence: Something may not be in my immediate view, but that does not mean it has ceased to exist. Our 存在をつかむではない? 何かはすぐには見えないかも brains represent objects that are here-and-now as the information comes in from our sensory 2 15 receptors For example, we see a deer and we know through our eyes that the deer is standing n& right before us! When the deer is gone we can remember its image and represent it in our mind's eve, or even represent it externally by drawing or painting or sculpting it. Jon 上の 4 This human capacity to distinguish the here-and-now from the here-and-not-now.showed up 初の記校 なだがここにあって、何がここにあったか at least 50,000 years ago in cave paintings. (3) These constitute the first evidence of any species on 芝援 識別 ひきる 120 earth being able to explicitly represent the distinction between what is here and what was here. In as other words those early cave-dwelling Picassos, through the very act of painting, were making a distinction about time and place and objects, an advanced cognitive operation we now call mental representation* And what they were demonstrating was an articulated sense of time: There was a deer out there (not here on the cave wall of course). He is not there now, but he was there before. 25 Now and before are different; here (the cave wall) is merely representing there (the meadow in front of the cave). This prehistoric step in the organization of our minds mattered a great deal. 5 In making such distinctions, (4) we are implicitly forming categories, something that is often す overlooked The formation of categories in humans is guided by a cognitive principle of wanting 多くの何報をできる! 325 h to encode as much information as possible with the least possible effort. Categorization systems optimize* the ease of conception and the importance of being able to communicate about those hibernate 冬眠する sensory receptor: 感覚受容器 (体の周囲の環境情報を感知する受容器の総称。 目、鼻、耳など) cognitive : 認識の mental representation 的表象(例えば人が「イヌ」を考えるとき、それは頭の中で文字でも映像でも 音でもない 何らかの形で思い描かれるが,この「頭の中の記号」のことを心的表象という) encode:・・・を記号化する optimize ... を最大限にする permeate : ･･･ に広がる 英 6 音

｢representation｣の意味に｢代表｣があるのはrepresent(代表する)という動詞から来てるのだなと理解できますが、｢表現｣という意味もあるのはなぜでしょうか？

間違っている下線部がどれか教えていただきたいです。お願いします。

I (3 1 as want to make myself understand, so I will make my presentation clear as possible. ②

37番が分かりません、、、他の答えも合ってますでしょうか🥲🥲

次の英文の下線部には誤っている箇所が1箇所ある。その番号を選び、正しい形に直しなさい。 35. 910/ 08.910 If only my brother had been able to make a better presentation last night, then the meeting would have gone very more smoothly.very(比較級を強調できない〈愛知学院大〉 gent stor much from DB 36. The longer I waited to hear the results of the game, the least sure I became of our chances of winning. 910 191 Tess The The ~すればするほどます西南学院大〉 no list s 37. The wine he sent me as a gift is superior in quality than any other wine. <東洋大 〉 38. Australia is the world's smallest continent, but it is the sixth 25 times the size of Japan. large nation and about 最上 largest 〈名古屋外国語大〉 ei ar nei nostru stage of (35) 6% I ES ☐

答えあってますでしょうか😭😭 53番の訳がわかりません、、🥲✨

51. There is an increasing trend for young people to give up a fast-food lifestyle (X) the slow-food movement. 1 for lack of in favor of A Aに賛成で 2 in favor of Aの方をえらんで 3 on top of 4 to begin with <東京理科大 〉 52. Mark returned to Australia from Europe last week ( ) Japan. by way of A 1 on top of 2 on behalf of 3 by way of (訳) (大料 ledwone i grub (a 4 by means of 53. They prepare their children for what they need to do ( 1 in case of 2 in favor of A経由で ) a fire. in case of A Aの場合 <獨協大〉 3 in place of こ み」が起こったら 4 in spite of 54. There are two officials in ( ) of the department. authority to make decisions. 1 security 2 spread 3 position 〈金城学院大〉 Speak to them: they have the in charge of A Aを代表して 4charge <亜細亜大 > 55. On ( ) of our president, I would like to welcome you all to this workshop on human on behalf of AAを代表して brain tissue. 1421 behalf 2 instead 3 presentation 4 alternation 〈 杏林大〉

前置詞の問題です。 答えあっていますでしょうか🥲🥲

2 on a 17 3 at 1. John Haiman, a world-famous musician, was born ( England. 1 in ) September 10, 1957, in London, 4 for od tada blow (*) 2. The presentation starts ( (大夫)] 1 on ② at ) 9 a.m. in the conference room. 時の一点 3 in tes vary 0% 16 O 4 for 〈城西大〉 rigin vand ml ST 3. I was born in Tokyo ( ) 1980. A fits or ne 1 at 2 for ③in幅のある時間to 〈名古屋学院大 〉 101 4. "When is our next meeting?” "It's ( 1 at ) Thursday morning." 2 in 特定の日の朝などや形容詞で修飾している場合 on bongie 9H 3 on 4 to 〈北海学園大〉 大 ①① at場所の一点に地点2 in 5. Taro took a local train to Shinjuku. It stopped ( 広がりのない ) every station. /pas 01 D ③3 on 4 with <東京工芸大 〉 ☐ 6. My grandmother was sitting ( ) the sofa ( 1 in, on () th ohh do olib bo ESP ) the living room. 広がりのある空間や領域の中に存在する状態 2 with, at 3 on, in 4 at, on している状態 <活水女子大 〉 1 on 2 in 3 at 7. We have to hurry because the class starts ( 229 4 for entrism id) 8. I got sick last month and lost five kilos, but ( ) a week I was right back up to my regular (大感 weight. ⑪within 2 by 101 Tot within A これからA以内に 〈南山大 〉 brind gilt 3 until no ) blirbrigu o 9T 4 from ) ten minutes. in A これからA経つと right back up to

誤りを正しく直す問題です。教えてください。よろしくお願いします。

Many people encouraged me after the presentation and gave me some (b) (a) advices on how to improve. (c)

これが一番になる理由がわかりません教えてください

Bab 3 has stolen real/since eary ) the teachers were taking notes. 34 While the presentation ( was being given 2 has been given 3 was giving 4 gave KALLI

タイトルをのぞいた6行目のthat was it って文法的にどうなっているんですか？

Your English teacher has asked all students to find an inspiring story about someone who gained confidence and to give a short presentation on "self- You have found this story in a book of short stories confidence", using notes. from the UK. How an Elephant Taught Me to Believe in Myself Sky Morgan I could see the goal line in front of me. Just a few more yards. My legs were burning but nothing was going to stop me. I could see an opposition player running towards me, but I knew she wouldn't make it. I dived and pushed the ball into the ground just over the line. Try!2 I looked up to see my teammates running towards me cheering. The whistle went and I knew that was it. We had won our first rugby game of the year! I'd been playing in the school team now for a year and it felt fantastic. As we walked off the pitch smiling, Coach Janet waved me over. antastic./ My smile dropped. I knew what she was going to say. t/Sh "Sky, that was fantastic! Best try of the game," she said as she patted me on the back. "Sit down for a moment." She waited for me to sit before she began "The county trials are next week. I know...," she saw my expression. "I know you don't feel ready. But you are ready, Sky. You're our best player, You just need the confidence." She sighed. "Just think about it, will you?" 2 aribbe to

7のWhen Ken comes home from this afternoon,のthis afternoonはなぜ未来のことだと分かるのでしょうか？

6 Xxx 000 ; listening 6. 過去進行形 過去のある時点での動作の進行 <学習院大 > 第1章 時制 6~8 5 過去のある時点での動作の進行は、過去進行形 (was[were) doing) で表す。 ○本間は, I didn't hear him say anything 「私は彼が言うことは何も聞こえなかった」と いう過去の一時点での動作の進行を表すので ① was listening が正解。 ③ listened にし ないこと。 70 000 ( 85 Actually, he is rather conservative. That is why he( I didn't hear him say anything because I ( ① had listened ② have listened ③ listened ④ was When Ken comes home from school this afternoon, his mother ) cooking roast chicken. ① will be ② would be ③ has been ④ had been <獨協大〉 ) to 7. 未来進行形 未来のある時点での動作の進行 that political party. ① was belonging ② was belonged 〈明治大〉 ③ is belonging ④ belongs ■ TARGET 2 原則として過去時制で用いる副詞表現 ● yesterday 「昨日」 2 I... ago 「…前」 Egyptians kept cats as pets over 4,000 years ago. Plus My mobile phone rang while I was having lunch. 「私が昼食を食べている間に携帯電話が鳴った」も 同じ例。 was having を had にしないこと。 なお、この have A は eat A A を食べる」の意味。 未来の一時点での動作の進行は、 未来進行形 (will be doing) で表す。 R ○ 本間は when Ken comes home from school this afternoon 「Ken が今日の午後に学校 「から帰ってくるとき」という未来の一時点での動作の進行を表すので、答えは ① will be で, will be cooking roast chicken となる。 Plus when 節内が現在時制になっていることについては,問題 18, TARGET 4 参照。 8. 原則として進行形にしない動詞 belong to A 文 法 belong to A は 「Aに所属する/Aに属している」。 belong は、状態を表す動詞 (状 態動詞)なので、進行形にしない。 したがって ④ belongs が正解。 一般に,状態・知 覚・感情・認識を表す動詞は進行形にしない。 Plus That is why S + V... ｢そういうわけで･･･」は重要。 208, TARGET 30 ob art tulia Ise moon A ST (エジプト人は、4000年以上前にネコをペットとして飼っていた) last... 「この間の…昨...」 I watched the movie last weekend. (私は先週末、 その映画を観た) hen 「その時に」 hen my teacher pushed the door into the classroom. その時, 先生がドアを押して教室に入ってきた) st now 「今しがたたった今」 TMT09 Y3X ticed the error in the report just now. (つい先ほど、その報告書の誤りに気づいた) en...? 「いつ... したか」 in did you finish your presentation ? なたはいつプレゼンテーションを終えたのですか ) I was six years old 「私が6歳のとき」などの過去を明示する副詞節など nily moved to Tokyo when I was six years old. 6歳のとき、 私の家族は東京に引っ越した) TARGET 3 原則として進行形にしない動詞 動画 ●知覚状態を表す動詞 see 「･･･が見える」 hear 「...が聞こえる」 feel 「•••を感じる」 smell 「･･･のにおいがする」 taste 「…の味がする」 ●心理状態を表す動詞 like 「・・・が好きである」 love 「... を愛する」 hate 「…を嫌う」 want 「が欲しい」 know 「・・・を知っている」 understand 「･･･ を理解する」 believe 「…を信じる」 ●その他の状態を表す動詞 belong 「所属する」 (8) resemble 「・・・に似ている」 depend 「頼る」 and need 「・・・を必要とする」 include 「･･･を含む」 contain 「・・・を含む」 consist 「成り立つ, ある」 exist 「存在する」 have 「・・・を持っている,所有している possess 「・・・を所有している」 いていたので、彼が言うことは何も聞こえなかった。 午後に学校から帰ってくるとき、 彼の母親はローストチキンを調理しているだろう。 なり保守的だ。 だから彼はその政党に入っている。 *have は 「・・・を持っている」 の意味では進行形にしないが,「･･･を食べる」の意味 は進行形にできる。 にあったことを要す場合大逆 * smell が 「・・・のにおいをかぐ」の意味の場合, taste が 「･･･の味見をする」の意味 場合は進行形にできる。 * listen, look, watch は進行形にできる。