赤線部分についてです。私は｢any species｣を｢いかなる種｣と訳したのですが、日本語訳や解説を見るに、"any species"は"a species"という意味を表してるそうです。今までanyにひとつの物を限定するイメージを持っておらず、調べてもあまり理解できなか... 続きを読む

2 Unit 20-Cognitive Linguistics- | 519 words / 筑波大 1 識別 One of the most important things that language does for us is help us make distinctions. implicitly, automatically all other When we call something edible, we distinguish it from - R オ 2 5 things that are inedible. When we call something a fruit, we necessarily distinguish it from vegetables, meat, dairy, and so on. 初期の人 組織した。彼らの精神と 基本的な私たちがまた 有効的に ② (1) Early humans organized their minds and thoughts around basic distinctions/that we still make and find useful. One of the earliest distinctions made was between now/and not-now; / these things are happening in the moment these other things happened in the past and are now in my memory. No other species makes this self-conscious distinction among past, present, and future. Of course many species respond to time by building nests, flying south, hibernating", 10 mating but these are preprogrammed, instinctive behaviors and these actions are not the 物体の永抂 result of conscious decision, meditation, or planning. 13 Simultaneous with an understanding of now versus before is one of (2) object permanence: Something may not be in my immediate view, but that does not mean it has ceased to exist. Our 存在をつかむではない? 何かはすぐには見えないかも brains represent objects that are here-and-now as the information comes in from our sensory 2 15 receptors For example, we see a deer and we know through our eyes that the deer is standing n& right before us! When the deer is gone we can remember its image and represent it in our mind's eve, or even represent it externally by drawing or painting or sculpting it. Jon 上の 4 This human capacity to distinguish the here-and-now from the here-and-not-now.showed up 初の記校 なだがここにあって、何がここにあったか at least 50,000 years ago in cave paintings. (3) These constitute the first evidence of any species on 芝援 識別 ひきる 120 earth being able to explicitly represent the distinction between what is here and what was here. In as other words those early cave-dwelling Picassos, through the very act of painting, were making a distinction about time and place and objects, an advanced cognitive operation we now call mental representation* And what they were demonstrating was an articulated sense of time: There was a deer out there (not here on the cave wall of course). He is not there now, but he was there before. 25 Now and before are different; here (the cave wall) is merely representing there (the meadow in front of the cave). This prehistoric step in the organization of our minds mattered a great deal. 5 In making such distinctions, (4) we are implicitly forming categories, something that is often す overlooked The formation of categories in humans is guided by a cognitive principle of wanting 多くの何報をできる! 325 h to encode as much information as possible with the least possible effort. Categorization systems optimize* the ease of conception and the importance of being able to communicate about those hibernate 冬眠する sensory receptor: 感覚受容器 (体の周囲の環境情報を感知する受容器の総称。 目、鼻、耳など) cognitive : 認識の mental representation 的表象(例えば人が「イヌ」を考えるとき、それは頭の中で文字でも映像でも 音でもない 何らかの形で思い描かれるが,この「頭の中の記号」のことを心的表象という) encode:・・・を記号化する optimize ... を最大限にする permeate : ･･･ に広がる 英 6 音

意味が通るようにするために取り除くべき一文はどれなのか教えていただきたいです。 わかる方お願いします🙏

(17) Words compete for survival in each language. Some researchers investigated what causes the rise and fall of English words in two ways. One is an experiment where thousands of participants read English- language stories and rewrote them to be read by other participants, who then rewrote them for others. The other is a linguistic analysis of English historical text data that cover the past two centuries. The researchers found that the competition among words is closely associated with how humans use language: words that are acquired earlier in life, more concrete, and more stimulating are more likely to survive. From the previous two experiments, they determined that there are at least over 7,000 languages in the world at this moment, but will these numbers increase or decrease in the future? These findings may contribute toward interpreting the patterns of language change over generations of English language speakers.

赤線部、140per増加して20perってどゆことですか？ 元々−120perだったんですか？

Lesson 10 文構造の分析 V 1 (As the world becomes more interconnected), it is increasingly apparent 仮S V 変化を表す表現 「比例」のas 否定語による倒置 2 C (that bilingualism is the rule and not the exception). Not only do some S S' V' C' countries support bilingual populations (because of cultural and linguistic S V O diversity [within its citizenry]), but also increased global mobility has enlarged the number of people [who have become bilingual] (at all levels of society). S V 研究 report の形 3 (For example), a recent survey of language use in the United States reported 〈that approximately 20% of the population spoke a non-English language (at 0 S V O' V home), a proportion [that has increased by 140% since 1980]). * These numbers approximately 20% of the populationの同格 5 固有名詞→具体例 are higher (when considering world figures): David Crystal estimates { that V S 0 育っていると推定している。 interconnected 形 互いにつながった, 関連している / apparent 明らかな/ rule 当たり前のこと/exception 名 例外/bilingual 形 2か国語が使える/ citizenry 各国民/mobility 移動性 / enlarge 拡大する 増大させる/level of society 社会水準/ survey 名 調査/ approximately およそ (=about) / proportion 名 割合 figure 名 (通例 figures で) 数値 / estimate 推定する/ represent 相当する/raise 育てる 文法・構文 文頭As は, becomes/more/increasingly など 「変化を表す表現」がある ので、「比例(~するにつれて)」の意味だと予想できます。 not only という 「否 定の副詞句」が文頭に置かれたため、その後ろの文は「疑問文の語順」に倒置さ れています。またandは形容詞2つ (cultural / linguistic) を結び、どちらも名詞 diversity にかかっています。 a proportion that ~ は approximately 20% of the populationの同格で,この人口比に補足説明を加えています。また、ここでのby は 「差 (~の分だけ)」 を表し、 「140%分増加」ということです。 【参考 (完全に 受験レベルを超えている内容なのでスルーしてOK)】 最後のa proportion that has increased by 140% since 1980 が, reported that ~ の that節に含まれるか 含ま れないかは,どちらにも判断できます。 とりあえずここでは(受験生にとって簡 単なので)最後まで含めた形で構文をとっています。 もしat homeで終わってい ると考えると,「調査で報告された内容が “約20%の人が~"」 のみで、その後の 同格 a proportion 以降は筆者による補足説明と考えられます。 when 以下は、 分 詞構文 considering ~ の前に接続詞whenが残った形です。 固有名詞 David Crystal に注目すると,この文は「具体例」 だと判断できます。 「世界全体でのバ イリンガルの人々の割合が高い」ということを具体的に説明しています。 <this + 名詞> → まとめ表現 使用後は必ずキャップを閉めてく 171 C bilingualism [that includes English and another language] represents about 235 S V' 0' イコール表現 イコール表現 million people worldwide> and < that two thirds of the children [in the world] are raised (in bilingual environments) S' V 世界が相互の結びつきを強めるにつれて, バイリンガル能力がむしろ当たり前 のものである [直訳:当たり前のもので例外ではない]ということがますます明白 になっている。国民の中に文化および言語の多様性があるという理由でバイリ ンガルの人々を支えている国があるだけでなく、世界中を移動しやすくなったこ とにより、あらゆる社会水準において、 バイリンガルになった人の数が増加して きてもいる。たとえば、アメリカ合衆国における言語使用の最近の調査による と、人口の約20%が, 家では英語以外の言語を話しており、この割合は1980年 から140%増加したということだ。世界全体の数字はもっと高いものである。 デイビッド・クリスタルは, 英語ともう1つの言語という2か国語を使う人は世 界中で約2億3500万人に相当し、 世界の子どもの3分の2はバイリンガル環境で 7 6 2 (Recently), evidence [indicating that this common experience has a S S V systematic and significant impact (on cognitive functioning)>] has accumulated. 過去を表す表現 / assume 対比を予想 O' V (For many years) it was assumed that (while bilingualism might be an asset 饭S V S (S) (V) (C) (for adults) — in terms of culture, travel, and trade, for example-) it was a SV S₁ handicap (for children) (in the educational system)). The idea was learning (in two languages) imposed an additional burden (on schoolchildren [who must learn two vocabularies, two sets of grammar, and probably two sets that S V C 0 C' of cultural habits and expectations])〉

これで合っていますか？ 空欄の答えは教えていただきたいです！！ 1枚目は右の条件を使っていただきたいです🙇🏻‍♀️

Put into English の使い方 どのような否定表現を使うかを考えてみましょう。 1 健康ほど大切なものはない。 2 私はその事件とは何の関係もなかった. ▷ 事件 incident 3 私たちは、何の苦もなくその問題を解決した. Pointers guitton O nothing を主語に idy 1X) 「~と何の関係もない」 have nothing to do with il no difficulty (in) を使って [分] ~ ⇒ not everyone で始め て not always を使って 香 4 だれもかれもがプロの歌手になれるというわけではない. ▷ プロの professional avawls 10 (... Juod 5 よい学者が必ずしもよい先生とは限らない . ▷ 学者 scholarl 6 メアリーは父親を説得できなかった. ▷ 説得する persuade 7 貧しくてもひもじくても、 彼は絵を描くのをやめなかった. ▷ 貧しさ poverty ひもじさ hunger J fail to を使って ➡ neither を使って ⑧ 交通の激しい通りを渡るときはいくら用心してもしすぎることはない。 cannot ▷ 交通の激しい通り busy street ⑨ 私が到着するとすぐに, コンサートが始まった。封入 私が到着するとすぐに,コンサートが始まった. ni (benuini Jog 40 一昨日のパーティーでまさか彼に会うとは思わなかった. 〔関西学院大 * ] 本 ~ ~ nor (3 too... hardly [scarcely] を使って ✓ the last person を使って 11 その問題は心配する価値はまったくないと思います。 〔関西学院大 I don'tを使って *〕 12 何も買わずにあのパン屋さんを通り過ぎることはできない。 〔立命館大*〕「~することなしに」 ▷ パン屋 bakery 9dt mi (stui w f without ~ing dallim)

青線を引いたところなのですが、ここではwhich has が省略されていると解説で書かれていたのですが、副詞節中でもないのになぜ省略が起こるのでしょうか。

For some lizards it is easy being green. It is in their blood. Six species of lizards in 2-18 New Guinea bleed lime green thanks to evolution gone weird. It is unusual, but there are creatures that bleed different colors of the rainbow besides red. The New Guinea lizards' blood along with their tongues, muscles, and bones appears green The bile levels are 5 because of incredibly large doses of a green bile* pigment*. - higher than those at which other animals, including people, could survive.

この2つの"they"は何を指してますか？？教えてください🙏

Have you ever noticed that red and yellow are often. used for warning signs? Vivid and warm colors are chosen because they catch people's attention. They help people notice signs whose messages should be understood immediately. Besides the choice of colors, the contrast of colors plays an important role in conveying messages clearly and quickly. For example, emergency exit signs show a picture of a green figure on a white background. The contrast between green and white parts helps us distinguish the figure clearly from its background even in smoke or fire.

分詞が全く分かりません。教えていただけると嬉しいです。よろしくお願いします。

ercises US []内の語句を適切な位置に入れ, 全文を書きなさい。 下線部の動詞は現在分詞か過去分詞に 変えること A 1. The tourists from Spain stayed at the hotel. [stand on the hill] 3. He made a poster. [support the Japanese team] 2. I could not solve the problems. [confuse] 4. I really love the photo. [take in Australia] 5. Last night I watched a movie on TV. [move] TW S booze Jauj )内の語を並べかえて, 英文を完成させなさい。 下線部の動詞は適当な形に変えること。 1. (lock/she / that/kept / door ). 2. (fill/she/joy/looked / with ). 3. (walking/listen/I/was/to/music). 4.I (play/guitar/found/him/the on the street. 5. He (surround/stood / his/by/dogs). 5 次の英語を日本語に直しなさい。 C 1. Jenny had her hat blown off by the wind. bia palleol 2. I will have my house repaired before the party next weekend. 3. She felt her shoulder tapped in the crowded train. 4. He saw the tourists surrounded by the wild animals. 5. The students tried to make themselves heard when they got lost in the mountain. 6. I heard our dog barking in the garden. 1. 留学は私にとってわくわくするものだった。 4 日本語に合うように、分詞を用いて下線部に適切な語句を補いなさい。 総合 Studying abroad to mo for me. bilor allt gatod aid mott nighut of $ of 2. 子どもたちは歌いながらやって来た。 The children 3. 生徒たちは自分の本を閉じたままにしていた。 The students 4.その教師は30分間生徒たちを立たせたままにしておいた。 The teacher for 30 minutes. 5.ここがクリスマスパーティーのために予約された部屋だ。 This is for the Christmas party. 6.この公園では,鳥が鳴いているのがしばしば聞こえてきます。 Write! We often in this park. 1. 自分の身の回りのものや地元の特産品などを「これは~で作られている…です」と いう形で 営載て扱 B

教えてください😭

Date 4) その試合は延期されなければならなかった. (put off, had, be, to) The game 各文の( )内に適語を入れなさい. →5 1) The actor is known ( 2) I was surprised ( 3) Hiroto was satisfied ( ) most Japanese people. ) Tom's new hairstyle. 4) The little girl was pleased ( 5) My father is worried ( 6) I was disappointed ( ) his exam results. ) the toy. ) my future. ) her answer. 日本語に合うように)内に適語を入れなさい . 1) 地面は葉っぱで覆われている. The ground ( ) ( ) ( ) leaves. ) that it will be very hot this summer. ★2) この夏はとても暑くなるそうだ. ( )( )( ★3) そのウサギは生徒たちに世話されています. The rabbit ( ) taken care ( ) ( ★4) この食べ物はこの国では何と呼ばれていますか. ) the students. ( ( ) this food ( ) in this country? Lesson 12 レッスンブック DRILLS & EXERCISES 日本語に合うように()内に適語を入れなさい. ① 1) そのマンガが読みたい. I want ( ) ( ) the comic book. 2) サッカーの試合を見るのはわくわくする. It is exciting ( )( 3) 彼の計画は夏に富士山に登ることだ. His plan is ( ) ( 4) ギターを速く弾くのは難しい. It is hard ( )( ) soccer games. ) Mt. Fuji in the summer. ) the guitar fast

共通する単語が何か教えて欲しいです🙏

(i) a regular gathering of an organization or business: People were excited to see the new product announcements at the annual technology (c) in New York. (ii) a commonly-followed guideline or practice: For many decades, it was a (c) in English writing that periods should be followed by two spaces, but commas by only one.

至急お願いします！！英検についてです 要約問題でYouTubeの英検二級のテンプレである程度かたちを理解しておこうと思ったんですが 1,2枚目の要約か3枚目の要約どちらが英検二級の検定において点数が高いですか？？ 無理にかたちを変えすぎないほうがいいのかなって思ったり…本文... 続きを読む

When young people travel, some like to make their schedules, while others prefer to go without any plans. There are other ways to travel, too. Some of them choose to join group tours. Why do they choose group tours? Group tours are popular because all the arrangements, such as transportation and accommodations, are taken care of. Travelers don't have to worry about planning, which saves time and effort. Additionally, these tours provide opportunities to meet new people, make friends, and share experiences with others. As a result, group tours make visiting popular sights more convenient and enjoyable with the help of knowledgeable guides. However, group tours have some problems. The schedule might be strict, with little room for flexibility. This can make the trip less enjoyable for some travelers. Additionally, the pace of the tour could be too fast, preventing people from doing everything they want. As a result, some people might feel uncomfortable and not enjoy the trip as much as they had hoped.