赤線部分についてです。私は｢any species｣を｢いかなる種｣と訳したのですが、日本語訳や解説を見るに、"any species"は"a species"という意味を表してるそうです。今までanyにひとつの物を限定するイメージを持っておらず、調べてもあまり理解できなか... 続きを読む

2 Unit 20-Cognitive Linguistics- | 519 words / 筑波大 1 識別 One of the most important things that language does for us is help us make distinctions. implicitly, automatically all other When we call something edible, we distinguish it from - R オ 2 5 things that are inedible. When we call something a fruit, we necessarily distinguish it from vegetables, meat, dairy, and so on. 初期の人 組織した。彼らの精神と 基本的な私たちがまた 有効的に ② (1) Early humans organized their minds and thoughts around basic distinctions/that we still make and find useful. One of the earliest distinctions made was between now/and not-now; / these things are happening in the moment these other things happened in the past and are now in my memory. No other species makes this self-conscious distinction among past, present, and future. Of course many species respond to time by building nests, flying south, hibernating", 10 mating but these are preprogrammed, instinctive behaviors and these actions are not the 物体の永抂 result of conscious decision, meditation, or planning. 13 Simultaneous with an understanding of now versus before is one of (2) object permanence: Something may not be in my immediate view, but that does not mean it has ceased to exist. Our 存在をつかむではない? 何かはすぐには見えないかも brains represent objects that are here-and-now as the information comes in from our sensory 2 15 receptors For example, we see a deer and we know through our eyes that the deer is standing n& right before us! When the deer is gone we can remember its image and represent it in our mind's eve, or even represent it externally by drawing or painting or sculpting it. Jon 上の 4 This human capacity to distinguish the here-and-now from the here-and-not-now.showed up 初の記校 なだがここにあって、何がここにあったか at least 50,000 years ago in cave paintings. (3) These constitute the first evidence of any species on 芝援 識別 ひきる 120 earth being able to explicitly represent the distinction between what is here and what was here. In as other words those early cave-dwelling Picassos, through the very act of painting, were making a distinction about time and place and objects, an advanced cognitive operation we now call mental representation* And what they were demonstrating was an articulated sense of time: There was a deer out there (not here on the cave wall of course). He is not there now, but he was there before. 25 Now and before are different; here (the cave wall) is merely representing there (the meadow in front of the cave). This prehistoric step in the organization of our minds mattered a great deal. 5 In making such distinctions, (4) we are implicitly forming categories, something that is often す overlooked The formation of categories in humans is guided by a cognitive principle of wanting 多くの何報をできる! 325 h to encode as much information as possible with the least possible effort. Categorization systems optimize* the ease of conception and the importance of being able to communicate about those hibernate 冬眠する sensory receptor: 感覚受容器 (体の周囲の環境情報を感知する受容器の総称。 目、鼻、耳など) cognitive : 認識の mental representation 的表象(例えば人が「イヌ」を考えるとき、それは頭の中で文字でも映像でも 音でもない 何らかの形で思い描かれるが,この「頭の中の記号」のことを心的表象という) encode:・・・を記号化する optimize ... を最大限にする permeate : ･･･ に広がる 英 6 音

apartはどういう意味で使われてますか？ 2行目でふ

E 20 15 17 The Intelligence of Crows 251 word Crows may not strike most people as intelligent creatures. We watch them picking apart garbage bags and complain about them to our neighbors. We take measures to stop them, but as often as not, they *outwit us. When we come to think of it, the reason we are so fed up with them could be that we do not give them credit for their intelligence. Crows may be smarter than any other animal apart from primates. For one thing, they remember the faces of humans and can tell one person from another. If someone tries to catch them, they will look 10 upon that person as a threat. They will remember the person even years later. And scientists have found that crows can solve puzzles. Their intelligence is close to that of a seven-year-old child. when I took this Many studies show that crows are also capable of using tools. They drop nuts on the road so that passing cars will crack them open. They can drop stones into a narrow container of liquid to bring the level up to where they can drink. They can use sticks to help themselves to hard- to-reach insects inside trees. And they can break off small branches from trees to build their nests, instead of just picking them up from the ground. Scientists say that the *densely-packed neurons in their small brains account for crows' intelligence. This suggests they may also feel emotions. So before you accuse crows of messing up your neighborhood, think about what intelligent creatures they are!( (注) outwit「~を出し抜く ~の裏をかく」 densely-packed neurons 「ぎっしり 脳神経細胞」 カラスの驚くべき知能 音声 カラスは、ほとんどの人に知能の高い生物という印象は与えていない について近所の人に愚痴を言う。 私たちはカラス対策を行うものの、ほとん かもしれない。私たちはカラスがごみ袋を荒らしているのを目にし、それら どの場合、彼らは人間を出し抜いてみせる。 それを考えてみると、 私たちが カラスにこれほどうんざりしている理由は、 私たちが彼らの知能を正しく 評価していないことにあるのかもしれない。 ② カラスは,霊長類は別として、他のあらゆる動物より賢いかもしれな ようになる。 数年後になっても彼らはその人のことを覚えている。 さらに. 科学者たちはカラスがパズルを解けることも研究により明らかにしている。 きる。 カラスを捕まえようとする者がいると、彼らはその人を脅威とみなす い。 その1例として、カラスは人間の顔を覚え、人と人を区別することがで 彼らの知能は7歳児のそれに近い。 ③ 多くの研究により, カラスは道具も使えるということがわかっている。 彼らは, 通行する車が木の実を割るために, 道路に木の実を落とす。液体が 入った縦長の容器に石を落とし、その液体が飲めるところまで水位を上げ 由にとって食べることもできる。 さらには巣を作るために、 ただ地面から木 ることができる。 枝を使って, 木の中の届きにくい場所にいる虫を自分で自 の枝を拾うのではなく、木から細い枝を折り取ることもできる。 21 20 38 科学者たちによれば、カラスの知能は、その小さな脳に高密度で詰まっ ているニューロンによるものだという。 これが示唆しているのは、彼らには 感情もあるかもしれないということだ。 だから、近所を荒らしていることで カラスを責める前に、 彼らがいかに知的な生物かということに思いを巡ら mont hags せてみよう that those) The mo 41 D cap of ✓ Check!! ● intelligent 知的な頭の良い intelligence 知能 : 知性 □ garbage (生) ごみ がらくた waste 名 廃棄物: 浪費 neighbor近所の人 prima 45 45 48 SO 52 支店 割れる □ mess を汚す; を無茶苦茶にする 散らかっている状態 -messy 散らかった 160 唆する を提案する 83

It is important not to give out your credit card number to anyone over the phone even if you know who you are talking to. この文に使われているwhoが... 続きを読む

ライティングについてです。一つ目の理由として「現金はなくしたら戻ってこないけど、カードはお金が戻ってくる」という感じの意見を一つ目の支持文の所で書きたいのですがどう英語にすればいいですか。よければ教えて頂きたいです🙇🏻‍♀️

以下の TOPICについて, あなたの意見とその理由を2つ書きなさい。 POINTS は理由を書く際の参考となる観点を示したものです。 ただし、これら 以外の観点から理由を書いてもかまいません。 ●語数の目安は80語~100語です。 ていると判断された場合は, 0点と採点されることがあります。 TOPICの内容 解答が TOPIC に示された問いの答えになっていない場合や, TOPIC からずれ をよく読んでから答えてください。 TOPIC Some people say that people will stop using cash in the near future. Do you agree with this opinion? POINTS ●Security Convenience Habits 現金とその代わりの方 法のメリット・デメリッ トを比較しよう。

英作文の添削をお願いします。 また、この文は英検二級で通じますか？ お題 人は将来現金を使わなくなるか？ 書きたかったこと 私は人は将来現金を使わなくなると思います。私がこう考えるのには２つの理由があります。 はじめに、現金を使うことは不便です。なぜなら買い物に行く時、... 続きを読む

I think that people will stop using cash in the future. There are two reasons why I think this way. 20 First, using cash is inconvenience, This is because it takes time to count money when they go shopping, so using credit cards is gooder than using cash, 2017 Second, it save a lot of money, For example, they can know that they spent how much money with their smartphone. If they use cash, they fill "I hav a lot of money", 1 Therfore, cash is not used by people In the future, 0

19番です。なぜDか教えてください。

Eile Edit View Insert Tools Message Help 晶 send cut copy paste undo attatck From Emily Brown Co. To Sara Johnson Subject: Order not received I ordered a woman's jacket from your mail order catalogue a month ago, but The catalogue says any order 17. through the Internet will be 18. shipped within seven days. On June 1, 20XX, I found that the money girls U 19. from my credit card account. Could you check where my order is now and let me know as soon as possible? The Item I ordered: A woman's white linen jacket Order Confirmation Number: 048392LJ Order Date: May 5, 20XX bno fuo inert arit pribree (A) I found it is too big for me (B) it has not arrived yet (C) I'm sorry it is out of stock (D) the jacket is too expensive zidT (8) YO) d yea ABCD A) place B) placed 19. (A) has already taken (B) already took (C) had already taken (D) had already been taken dow eid ai od os sigo (A) 059 ( ABCD (A) (B) Juda meal um

赤線部についてwhat toが「どう〜か」という訳になっているのはなぜですか？🙇🏻‍♀️

40 テレビの子供への影響 179 words 1 Many people are concerned about what television has done to the generation of American children who have grown up watching it. For one thing, TV deprives children of creative imagination Some teachers feel that television has taken away the child's 5 ability to form mental pictures in his own mind, resulting in children who cannot figure out a simple story without visual illustrations. For another, too much TV too early tends to cause children to turn away from real life. As a result, they grow up to be passive spectators who can only respond to action, but not take 10 the initiative in doing anything. 2 Another area for concern is that children are short of tolerance for learning. They don't know what to do with some problems if it takes them too long to solve them, because they have been conditioned to see all problems solved in 30 or 60 minutes on TV 15 3 Television violence in particular has the most serious impact on children, most of whom get used to it and become incapable of 17 sympathizing with the pains of others. Tegala Jasd edited

(3)(6)(8)が分からないので教えてください🙇‍♂️

(3) 重要なことは,自分の将来について真剣に考えることです. (your/that/what/think/is/matters/about/you) future seriously.

どれが間違っている下線部か分かりません。

Seeing that eight out of every ten voters were still undecided, the editor demanded that A B the paper not make predictions about the election yet. D C

間違っているところがあったら教えていただきたいです🙇🏻‍♀️

6 CD Chacal the 1 Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. (1) (1) ( ) the editor of this magazine? ①Do you know is who 3 Who do you know is 2 Do you know who is Who is do you know (関西 (2) Please keep your eyes ( 1 close 2 closing ) until I tell you to open them. 3 closed 4 to close (京 (3) One of the twins lives in Tokyo, but ( ) lives in New York. ①another 2 other 3 the other 4 the others (4) There is not much hope ( 1 as 2 how ) they are still alive. 3 that 4 which (5) The language ( ①speaking (6) He ( 1 should ) in the province is Arabic. 3 spoke 2 speak ) be sick. I just saw him playing soccer. ③ can't ④spoken (月 (7) It will not be long 1 before 2 may ) we meet again. 3 above 2 on ④ won't SET ④during (8) Tom may not have studied ( 2 as hard ①enough hard (9) There are many books worth ( ) to pass the entrance examination. 3 hard enough 4 hard as ) more than once. 3 reading to be read 1 read 2 to read (10) James found ( ①him ) difficult to write down foreign names. 2 himself 3 it ④them (11) They suggested that he ( ) to the meeting. 1 come 2 comes (3) came 4 had come (12) Hurry up! Our bus is leaving ( ) a few minutes. I till 2 on 3 during 4 in (13) You will miss the train ( ) you walk more quickly. 1 if (14)( How about 2 without 3 unless ) take the train instead of the bus? It's faster. ②Let's 3 Why don't ④but for ④Why not