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化学 高校生

RHEED法の原理と得られる7つの情報が、この英文に書かれているみたいなのですが、よく分かりません。 分かる方助けてください!🙇‍♂️

INTRODUCTION Reection high-energy electron diHiraction (RHEED) uses a Rnely collimated electron beam with energy of 10-100 keV. The beam irradiates a sample surface with gazing incidence to obtain forward scattered difraction patterms. RHEED enables us to analyze structures of crystal surfaces at atomic levels and also to in situ monitor growth processes of thin films (mo、1988: Ichimiya and Cohen、2004: Peng et al.. 2011). From the arrangement。intensity and profile of the dilraction spots in RHEED patterns as described below in detail、 one can obtain various kinds of information: (1) the periodicity (unit cells) in atomic arrangements. (2) flat- ness of surfaces. (3) sizes of grains/domains of surface structures and microcrystals grown on the surface. (3) epitaxial relation between the grown flms/islands with respect to the substrate. (5) parameters character- izing structural phase transitions. (6) individual atomic positions in the unit cells. and (7) growth styles of thin films and numbers of atomic layers grown. The most important advantages of the method are that it is quite easy to install the RHEED apparatus in Yarious types of vacuum chambers without interfering with other components of apparatuses and to do real- time monitoring during thin-Rlm growths. Because of these advantages.RHEED is nowwidelyusednotonlyin research Iabs of surfaces and thin fims. but also in device production processes in industry Low-energy electron diiraction (LEED、see article Low-ENNERcy ErecroN DirscmoN)。 in which an electron beam of 10-100 eV in energy is irradiated onto a sample surface with nearly normal incidence to obtain back- scattered difraction patterns. is also widely used to analyze the atomic structures of crystal surfaces. Since one has to make the sample face directly to the LEED

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英語 高校生

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TPidgim Emgish Wiar happcms win people necd to communicate but have no cemmon angnagef Youmay ja aken par in coavertions sak as tBiS er perhaps youve witmeswed on fmm a ore comfortablc distance. They gesturc. they talk with their hands and feet. and 一 somewhat surprisingly 一 they speak. as well. That is surprising becasse they really cannot hope tbat amyopc w山 undcrstand much morc than their moodLif hr or she camt undcrstand thr languagr_ But they go ahead and speak anyway. and we can understand bits and pieces of what they say by paying clow attcnGon to thc rrst of the communicstem A がggiz is a simplihied form of language dcvclopcd by speakkcrs who otherwise share no omon languamw This means oi course that pidgins begin in mmultiingual* stuations 一 where ai least two. and more likcly seweral languagcs cocxist. ( ) ). pidgins spring up in rading rmters or in areas umdcr industriabzation (including agricultursl industmahzation. tbat plantanion) They develop bere because the opportuniies for trade and work attractlarge mambers or people with diEernt native tongues Thc term pidgin dcvlopcd from apidgin pronumciatiop of busness: busncss Engish became pidgin English・ A pidgin in the technical snsc is a sort oflanguage scrving the meeds of a community. Thus a pidgn is not simply thc brokcn Engiish of a waiter in a ipreign restaurant (who spcaks his native language with his co-worikers). por is it an idiots verson ofa language. or a kind of inevitable deterioration* in tbe bands of barbarians*。 ( づ )。 robably the morc intelieeat and ambidoms people in s culpure who master the cpcrsy and couragw needed for the move to an industrial or market amea Somc pcopks gcl that pidgins smc wag becatsc cf the Best snd os way they py with hc structural patterns of their basc language。 In a scnsr.the charge is correct pidgins have no respect for the grammars of tbeir base angrages But 下i doesnt make pidgins wrong since he radical simphification we find in pidgins servcs a worthwisls gpal- communicahon。 Because ofits simple structure a pidgin is easier to learn than other languagcs_ By providing a means of communication in a community. it fac抽tates tbe integration* of newcomers who would have a much more dificult time larning a standard Europcan language_ Tinaly. mdgins rc a reahty whosc cxistcpce is pot bject to dkbate。 Tbcr re dozeps of dgins. many of which show no signs of dying out Since tey arisc sponiapeously wherever people need to talk. pidgins probably represcnt the primative communication system out of which our more respected modern languages dcveloped。 This fact alonc makes them wel orth our attenton aped tom umeaer rax 3 cawos pe 23rの4 ne Os Se tee Dame e Leezaet ras ea PT ーッー

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