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次の英文を読み,下の問いに答えなさい。
We all know the saying “To err is human." And this is true enough. When somethine
80es wrong, the cause is overwhelmingly attributed to human error: airplane crashes (70
percent), car wrecks (90 percent), workplace accidents (also 90 percent), You name it, and
humans are usually to blame, And once a human is blamed, the inquiry usually stops
ans
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there. But it shouldn'tー atleast not if we want to eliminate the error.
S
In
many cases, our mistakes are not our fault, at least not entirely. For we all have
certain biases" in the way we see, remember, and perceive the world around us, and these
biases make us commit certain kinds of errors, Right-handed people, for instance, tend to
turn right when entering a building, even though that may not afford the best route to take.
And most of us, whether left- or right-handed, show a preference for the number 7 and the
color blue. We are also so persuaded by our first impressions of things that we are
reluctant to change our first answer on a test; yet many studies have shown we would be
better off if we did exactly this.
Qur expectations can shape the way we see the world and often the way we act in itas
well, In one case, people encountered an unknown man and were later told his occupation.
When they were told that the man was a truck driver, they said he weighed more%; when
they were told he was a dancer, they said he weighed less. In another case, half the people
in a restaurant were told their free glass of wine that night came from France; the other
half were told their wine came from somewhere else. Not only did the second group eat
less of their meals, but they headed for the doors more quickly. Farmers too show the same
tendency. Farmers who believe in global warming, for instance, have been shown to
remember temperatures as being warmer than those recorded in statistical tables, And
what about farmers who do not believe in global warming? They remembered
temperatures that were colder than those in the record books.
What's important about these examples is not that we think a truck driver is fatter
than a dancer or that temperatures are warmer than they used to be. What'simportant is
that these effects occur largely outside of our consciousness; we're biased
ー we just don't
know we' re biased. Some of these tendencies are so strone that eyen_when_we do know
