間 JH OUT culture, where the use ot dictionaries 1S WideSDread。many people may have the impression that a word's meaning is simply its dictionary definition.A little thought should show however, that there must be more to meaning than this. It is true that when someone wants to find out what き Word means, an easy and practical way to do it is to look the word up ina dicionary. Most people in our caltare accept dictionaries as providing unauestionably authoritative accounts of the meanings of the words they define. [2] Thenoleof dictionaries/ in our society as authorities on meaning 1eads many people to feel that the dicionary dehnition of a word more accurately represents the word's meaning than does an individual speaker's nderstanding of the word. Keep in mind/ however。 that the people who write dictionaries arrive at their definitions by studying the ways speakers of the language use different words. Some dictionaries are relatively prescriptive\、 others more descriptive* but all must face the fact that a word means what people use it to mean。 There simply is no higher authority than the general community of native speakers of the language. This is obyiously the position one must take in descriptive analysis、 but even in prescriptive grammar, words cannot be given strange defimitions that dont correspond to actual uses of those words by the speech community. A word's meaning is determined by the people who use that word, not by a dictionary- [3] The iqea that a dictionary definition is all there is to a word's meaning runs into even more serious problems when one considers that im order to understand the dictionary definition of a word, one must know the meanings of the words used in that definition: For example. 下 the word ecfo7xere is defined as 'a blastomere that develops into ectoderm'、one must ee he 0 Me 0 Pd Side

understand the definition. Not only that。 but one must also understand the Words の 6 deueops, and jpfo (as well as the principles for interpretation of English syntactic\ constructions). One may take this abihty for granted。 but it is necessary for understanding definitions nonetheless*。 [4] Taword's meaning is its dictionary defsnition, then understanding this meaning involves understanding the meanings of the words used in the defsnitions. But understanding the meanings of these words must involve understanding the meanings of the words im 7がer defnitions. And understanding ese definitions must involye understanding the words they use。 which of course would have to involve understanding eVen mmore defimitions. The process is never-ending. [5 ] 。 Sometimes the cireulariey* of a set of dicionary definitions is apparent by looking up just a few words. For instance, one Pnglish dictionary defines gioize as being or having the nature of a deity*。 but defines dezfy as *divinity。 Another defines pyzde as the quality or state of being proud'、 but defines proud as feeling or showing pride. Rxamples hke these are especialy graphic*。but essentialy the same problem holds for any dictionarystyle definition。 Dictionaries are written to be of practical aid to people who already speak the language, not to make theoretical claims abouE of meaning. People can and do learn the meanings of some dictionary defsnitions, so 辻 would be unfair to say that such de completely unable to characterize the meanings of wordsD clear that dictionary defnitions cant be all there is to the meam Words in a language.

問。 本文の内容を踏まえて, 次の英文 ⑩-(G の低所[| 1 |一| 7 ] に和 るのに最も適当なものを, それぞれ下の⑳⑩一⑳のうちから選べ。 (W According to the first pape 0⑩ even the best di 'e simpler than dic誠onaries suggest, if we give it some 6naries cannot c聞tare all that a word might mean @ mostwords』g thought ⑲ people We set up authorfattve onine accounts to recognize good dictionaries (⑳ people shonld not consutt dictionaries to Rnd word meanings Aon of dictionaries as (B) According to the second pam authoritative makes pegge believe that they | 2 (⑩ are written by4Wnguage authorities and leadingcholars curate meanings than ordinary p6ople can give more ⑧⑳ help us属nderstand subtle differences reen words (⑳ Hist mostof_the words that people wWe in their daily lives (C) Tn the second paragraph. the author claims that dictionaries、 whether ve, should they are prescriptive or descri anguage use include non-native Wsages that nativeSpeakers consider wrong not reflect the actu和l uses of the language eakers actually use the word ⑤@@@ぐ@ら@ take into considerati