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【1】次の英文を読んで, 設問 1~12に答えなさい。 なお, *印の語(句)には文末に注
がついています。
Modern examinations of working conditions in British and U.S. industry in the
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries concentrate mainly on the experiences,
Complaints, and overall difficulties of working-class laborers.
The first complaint that a majority of industrial workers had was that their
workdays* were too long. The average (ア) of hours in a shift varied from
industry to industry, from place to place, and from era to era. Workers in British
and American textile mills* in the early to middle 1800s generally worked twelve
to fifteen hours, six days a week, ( イ) only Sundays off. Their average
workweek* was seventy-eight hours.
In contrast were the hours of workers who labored in American steel mills in
the late 1800s. The length of their shifts was determined by the fact that the blast
furnaces* they tended almost always operated twenty-four hours a day. Thus, (oit
became customary* for steel mills to have two twelve-hour shifts. However, many
of the steel workers labored seven days a week. (a)That gave them a workweek of
sighty-four hours. Moreover, sometimes they had to work extra hours on top of this
demanding schedule.
(オ )the minor differences in the length of workweeks from one industry to
another, the average worker put in twelve-to fourteen-hour days at least six days a
week, This harsh schedule remained more ( カ) less standard well into the
twentieth century. It was not until 1920 that a fifty-hour workweek was introduced
in the United States. Anda forty-hour week did not become the rule in most
industries until 1938.
Low wages was another common complaint of industrial workers. In 1851, the
average wage earned by American industrial workers in general was seven to ten
dollars per week. That same year New York's Daily Tribune* reported that a
worker's family of five required just over ten dollars a week just for basics such as
rent, food, and fuel. Most ordinary workers could not afford many simple comforts
that middle-class workers enjoyed. (o This miserable situation lasted in America for
decades and improved only slowly. As late as 1912, a study found that only 15
