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researchers at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna, Austria, have found.
Dogs won't give food to a human, even if that person gave them some food first,
and that they would help other dogs that had helped them before. Therefore, the team
Previous studies have shown that dogs can recognize cooperative and uncooperative humans,
"reciprocal altruism"- that is, doing a good thing in return to a human who had given
expected to find that their test subjects would put these two things together and show
To start, the team trained a group of 37 dogs to press a button which would activate a
them food first.
*enclosure with the dispenser, while one of
(2)
two humans was in a separate enclosure with the button. One would press the button to
food dispenser. Then, they put each dog in an
would not. Each dog was paired with both humans in
give food to the dog, and
(4)
unhelpful one.
turn. After that, the researchers switched over the button and the dispenser. They expected
that the dogs would press the button to give food to the helpful human but not to the
though the dogs did press the button, they did it just as often
when either human had the food dispenser, and even when no human was there at all. "In
these kinds of studies (5) [perform / to / dogs / which/ trained / are in a particular
behavior for an experiment, they will usually do the behavior a few times as they have
simply learned the association between the behavior and getting a reward, and it may be
enjoyable for them to do the behavior," said Jim McGetrick, a PhD student at the University
of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna who led the research.
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2 次の英文を読んで下の設問に答えなさい。
(3)
giving us some food? Are they
a combination of reasons. "It is
(6)
Why wouldn't our best pals want to help us out by
secretly all bad boys and girls? McGetrick believes there is
possible that the dogs did not understand enough about the task to realize that only one of
the humans was providing them with food," he said. It could also be because they didn't
fully understand the button and dispenser system, or because they were too focused on the
food to notice whether a particular human was pressing the button or not. "Having said all
that, even if they did completely understand the task and were fully attentive to the actions
of the humans, there is still a good possibility that they wouldn't have given food back in
return," he added. "It could be that providing food to
a dog as they do not typically do that in everyday life." After all, humans are the ones who
human is something very strange for
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already have food, from a dog's perspective.
why would your pet need to worry about
(8)
making sure you have enough?
However, all the humans in the study were people the dogs didn't know. "It is quite
5
