2つのかっこに共通する単語を答える問題です。わかる方お願いします。

the branch of science dealing with motion: Classical (m_) is a required course for physics majors. the operational details of something: Biologists study the (m_) of the human body.

promisingの具体的な内容が下のオレンジの部分となっているのですが、上の緑の部分がだめな理由をどなたか教えてください。

20 15 Rothblatt believes that within twenty years, "mind clones*" will be humanity's biggest invention. (2) The concept of cloning human brains and placing them inside robotic bodies has been described in numerous science fiction works. However, Google director Ray Kurzweil believes that our bodies may be replaced by machines 第2段落 P P C ロスプラットは「頭脳 クローン」が人類最大 の発明になると信じて いる。 グーグル社の 人々の身体はやがて様 重役カーツワイルも、 械に置き換わり、デジ タル的に不死身となる。 人間が現れると信じて いる。 彼は著書の中 で、超知的な「トラン スヒューマン」が様々 な問題を解決すると同 時に、通常の人間をご within ninety years and that some people will become digitally immortal*. His 1999 book The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence describes one possible future in which the boundaries between biological human intelligence and digital artificial intelligence blur*. Kurzweil mentions a possible 流の市民だと見なす future that seems both (3) promising and terrifying. If super intelligent transhumans* become hundreds of times smarter, many problems such as hunger, war, and pollution 【前途有望な未来像】 could be solved. However, (4)there is no guarantee that such computer-based 【恐ろしい未来像①】 ↑ intelligence would act “fairly” by ordinary human standards. According to Kurzweil, during the late 21st century humans who become part of super-intelligent AIsystems* 【恐ろしい未来像②】 来像を描いている。 might start to regard ordinary humans as second-class citizens. At some point, 25 ordinary people simply will not be able to keep up with the super-intelligent 【恐ろしい未来像③】 ↑ "transhumans." If you had the choice and could afford it, would you upload your own consciousness onto a computer? Would you like to purchase a robotic version brofis of yourself?

growsはなんでダメなんですか？

7p ・しいタイプ といる 訳じゃない 土 +27 In 1877, an unfamiliar type of weed appeared in Bon Homme County, Bon Homme 22.3 24 291 3x145 South Dakota, and began spreading across the northern Great Plains. The グレートプレーンズ plant, called tumbleweed, has green stems intricate branches, a nearly round (ア) shape, and long leaves with sharp points on the end. Mice, mountain sheep, とびった業 7212 47F2 Heal and pronghorn antelope* feed on it. The branches are soft and green when young but woody and gray when ( 1 ). ださい grous tumbleweed does not spend its entire life rooted KATERE Unlike other plants the がう点に Unlike other plants, the the soil. In the fall, a layer of cells in the stem weakens and the plant breaks off from its roots and rolls ( across the fields in the wind. The tumbleweed doesn't depend on wind, birds, or mammals to disperse its seeds. As this woody sphere rolls along, it drops its numerous seeds (up to 250,000 per plant). The seeds are unusual in that tored food reserve. Instead, each seed is a coiled, ブレット じぶんと

fについてです 解説が載っていなかったため質問しています、。 なぜ、③を選ぶことができるのでしょうか？

Long-s doctrin holds that we are protected from fungi not just by layered immune defenses but ( e ) we are mammals*, with core temperatures higher than fungi prefer. The cooler outer surfaces of our bodies are at risk of minor assaults-think of athlete's foot*, yeast infections, ringworm*-but in people with healthy immune systems, invasive* infections have been ( f ). That may have left us overconfident. "We have an enormous (g) spot," says Arturo Casadevall, a physician and molecular microbiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Walk into the street and ask people what are they afraid of, and they'll tell you they're afraid of bacteria, they're afraid of viruses, but they don't fear dying of fungi." Ironically, it is our successes that made us vulnerable*. Fungi exploit damaged immune systems, but before the mid-20th century people with impaired immunity didn't live very long. Since then, medicine has gotten very good at keeping such people (h), even though their immune systems are compromised by illness or cancer treatment or age. It has also developed an array of therapies that deliberately suppress immunity, to keep transplant recipients healthy and treat autoimmune* disorders such as lupus* and rheumatoid arthritis*. ( i ) vast numbers of people are living now who are especially vulnerable to fungi. Not all of our vulnerability is the fault of medicine preserving life so successfully. Other ( j ) actions have opened more doors between the fungal world and our own. We clear land for crops and settlement and perturb* what were stable balances between fungi and their hosts. We carry goods and animals across the world, and fungi hitchhike on them. We drench crops in fungicides* and enhance the resistance of organisms residing nearby. (s) ELSE

下線部最後のassume they were forの文構造が分からないので教えて頂きたいです。よろしくお願いします。

15 Manipulatill of than tinkering* with the initial genetic blueprint. from new discover For with a true (4) > understanding of how human brains work will come one of what they un 哲学 are really for--and that is not necessarily what traditional philosophers, religious scholars, economists and other non-scientific intellectuals have assumed they were for. Pre-biological thinking has emphasised human uniqu

写真 2枚目の上の方にある 、asがどの用法のasか分かりません。 あなたが それらを観察するようにみたいな感じなんですかね？

4 1 Biologists [who study the evolution of human speech have S demonstrated that spoken language emerges (from our use of hand 0 and facial gestures)>, and a recent neuroimaging study showed that S 0 hand gestures and speech originate (in the same language-related area of the brain) >. 和訳 人間の話し方の進化を研究している生物学者たちは、話し言葉は私たちが手 振りと顔の表情を使うことから生まれるということを明らかにしており、 最近の 神経画像処理研究では、手ぶりと言葉は脳の言語に関連する同じ領域から生 まれていることがわかった。 originate 「起源とする」 2 This overlap [between words and gestures] appears to be associated with a rare cluster of brain cells [called "mirror neurons." 0 109 和訳 この言葉とジェスチャーの重複は、 「ミラー神経細胞」 と呼ばれる数少ない脳 細胞の塊に関連があるようだ。 cluster 「塊」 3 The neurons that fire in someone's brain (when they make a specific S

英文の方写真汚くて申し訳ないです汗　 ３パラグラフ目の印のしてあるaround が、和訳中のどの部分に当たるか分かりません。教えていただきたいです。

テーマ 専門性☆☆☆ 英文レベル★★★ 30 DNAはウイルスから? 文 11 What with the threat of bird flu, the reality of HIV, and the genera unseemliness of having one's cells pressed into labour on behalf of something alien and microscopic, it is small wonder that people don't much like viruses. But we may actually have something to thank the little 5 parasites for. They may have been the first creatures to find a use for DNA, a discovery that set life on the road to its current rich complexity 12 The origin of the double helix is a more complicated issue than it might at first seem. DNA's ubiquity -all cells use it to store their genomes - suggests it has been around since the earliest days of life 10 but when exactly did the double spiral of bases first appear? Some think it was after cells and proteins had been around for a while. Others say DNA showed up before cell membranes had even been invented/ The fact that different sorts of cell make and copy the molecule in very different ways has led others to suggest that the charms of the double 15 helix might have been discovered more than once. And all these ideas have drawbacks. "To my knowledge, up to now there has been no ⚫ convincing story of how DNA originated," says evolutionary biologist Patrick Forterre of the University of Paris-Sud, Orsay. 13 Forterre claims to have a solution. Viruses, he thinks, invented » DNA as a way the defences of the cells they infected. Little more than packets of genetic material, viruses are notoriously adept at* avoiding detection, as influenza's annual self-reinvention attests. Forterre argues that viruses were up to similar tricks when life was young, and that DNA was one of their innovations. To some researchers 25 the idea is an appealing way to fill in a chunk of the DNA puzzle. 270 •

31行のitは何を指していますか？itがthingを指しているのかとも思ったのですがそれだとundurstandの後に名詞の穴ができてしまっておかしいのではないかと思いました。教えて頂きたいです。

25 out of twenty native Alaskan languages, 冬の最 Although language extinction is sad for the people involved, why should the rest of us care? What effect will other people's language loss have on the future of people who (A): speak English, for example? Replacing a minor language with a more widespread ・ゆる可能 124) = permit . 20 one may even seem like a good thing, allowing people to communicate with each other more easily. But language diversity is as important as biological diversity. といい hot all ~70% Andrew Woodfield, director of the Centre for Theories of Language and Learning 1-14 in Bristol, England, suggested in a 1995 seminar on language conservation that people do not yet know all the ways in which linguistic diversity is important. "The fact is, no one knows exactly what riches are hidden inside the less-studied languages," he says. Woodfield compares one argument for conserving unstudied endangered plants - that they may be medically valuable with the argument for conserving endangered languages. We have inductive evidence based on past studies of well-known danguages that there will be riches, even though we do not know what they will be 単語 をだすことが It seems (B) 30 paradoxical but it's true. By allowing.languages to die out, the human race is destroying 便 4714 things doesn't understand," he argues. (243) Stephen Wurm, in his introduction to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 1-1

1行目のinvolvedの前は関係代名詞の省略ということでしょうか？教えて頂きたいです。

Although language extinction is sad for the people involved, why should the rest of us care? What effect will other people's language loss have on the future of people who speak English, for example? (A) Replacing a minor language with a more widespread one may even seem like a good thing, allowing people to communicate with each other more easily. But language diversity is as important as biological diversity.

写真 2枚目の３パラグラフ目の棒線部についてです。 和訳と照らし合わせたところ、 吐く　 というのが cought upの意味だと思い、調べてみましたが、出ませんでした 。そのような意味はcought upにあるんでしょうか？

erlode aids (0 英文を読み、下記の問いに答えなさい。 For most prey, ( 14 ) is over once they've been swallowed. But one species of beetle can escape from a toad's stomach nearly two hours after being eaten, according to a new study. Found in wooded areas on nearly every continent, bombardier beetles - a group that consists of more than 500 species - get their name from their signature defense mechanism: When threatened, they shoot a hot chemical spray from their rear end. In Japan, the insects have long been known as "the farting bug." Toads have been observed vomiting bombardier beetles after eating them, but no one knew exactly why, or ( 15 ) the beetles survived after their brush with digestion. あわや? bine To better understand the beetle's defenses, two biologists from Kobe University fed a species of bombardier beetle to two different species of toad collected from forests in central Japan. One toad species shared its natural habitat with that particular species of beetle, while the other was unlikely to encounter it in the wild. (16) After the beetles were swallowed, a small explosion could be heard inside each toad, indicating that the insects were firing their defenses. Overall, 43 percent of the toads vomited the beetles, taking anywhere