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Date Reading TR 15-18 The solar system* is known to have eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Mars seems to be an especially interesting planet to the scientists who study planets. Robert Zubrin* is one of those scientists. There are two main reasons why he is so interested in Mars. の 5。 One reason is that Zubrin wants to determine if human beings will be able to live on Mars in the future. Though Mars is now a cold and dry planet, 。it is more similar to Earth の- than any other planet in the solar system. So there is a possibility that Mars is a place where human beings can live. In what ways are Mars and Earth alike? First, the soil and atmosphere of Mars is similar to those of Earth. Scientists found that the soil and 10 atmosphere of Mars contains many of the main elements* essential for human life. A Mars exploration rover* named Curiosity has been working on the surface of Mars to gather various scientific information about its environment. Second, the rotation* period of Mars is 24 hours and 39 minutes, which is very close to that of Earth. Third, there are seasons on Mars as there are on Earth. 15 等 The other reason is that, studying Mars, Zubrin thinks we can better predict the future of Earth. It is believed that there used to be a liquid like water on Mars a long time ago. If we can find out how and why Mars has changed into a (A) and (B) place, we may be able to better understand the Earth's future. Zubrin says, “We humans have changed the Earth's environment through our actions and activities. From our research on Mars, 20 we may be able to solve such problems as global warming. Mars may be the key to our survival on Earth." Not only Zubrin but also many other scientists are doing research on Mars. Studying Mars might not seem to be connected with our daily life, but actually it is. New discoveries can influence our future. We should remember that in that regard* Mars is a 25 very important planet for our future. (357 words) Robert Zubrin:ロバート·ズブリン main element:主要元素(人間の生命維持に必要な元素。窒素, 水素など) rotation:自転 (注) solar system: 太陽系 exploration rover : 探査車 in that regard:その点で

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Reading 88点 Grammar 30 Writing 10点 100点 Conversation 10 Listening 12点 Reading TR. 15-18 C C 6 The solar system* is known to have eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Mars seems to be an especially interesting planet to the scientists who study planets. Robert Zubrin* is one of _those scientists. There are の two main reasons why he is so interested in Mars. の 5 One reason is that Zubrin wants to determine if human beings will be able to live on Mars in the future. Though Mars is nowa cold and dry planet, it is more similar to Earth than any other planet in the solar system. So there is a possibility that Mars is a place where human beings can live. In what ways are Mars and Earth alike? First, the soil and atmosphere of Mars is similar to those of Earth. Scientists found that the soil and 10 atmosphere of Mars contains many of the main elements* essential for human life. A Mars exploration rover* named Curiosity has been working on the surface of Mars to gather various scientific information about its environment. Second, the rotation* period of Mars is 24 hours and 39 minutes, which is very close to that of Earth. Third, there are seasons on Mars as there are on Earth. The other reason is that, by studying Mars, Zubrin thinks we can better predict the 15 future of Earth. It is believed that there used to be a liquid like water on Mars a long time ago. If we can find out how and why Mars has changed into a (A) and (B) place, we may be able to better understand the Earth's future. Zubrin says, “We humans have changed the Earth's environment through our actions and activities. From our research on Mars. 20 we may be able to solve such problems as global warming. Mars may be the key to our survival on Earth." Not only Zubrin but also many other scientists are doing research on Mars. Studying Mars might not seem to be connected with our daily life, but actually it is. New discoveries can influence our future. We should remember that in that regard* Mars is a 25 very important planet for our future. (357 words) (注)solar system: 太陽系 main element:主要元素 (人間の生命維持に必要な元素。 窒素, 水素など) exploration rover: 探査車 Robert Zubrin : ロバート ズブリン rotation:自転 in that regard :その点で

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5 20 25 の征 ] 講 ニーーー 次の英文を読み、 設問に答えよ。 Urban legends consist of narrative accountm of events。 which are Presented am truth、but which are in reality completely false。 They are umually DA&8Wedl on 人yom storyteller to Histener as factual mccounta、 with meemingly trumtworthy aourees。 warranted by some reliable、cloae acqumintance such as a 人friend or Yelative who esperienced the event ( 1 ) or heard of it directly from the Per8on orY people Sometimes news media are attributed as the souree and this gves involved、 additional backup to claims of being factual. The story often ends with an ironie or supernatural tyist。 Most of these features are applicable to rumors as well, Rumor8 bear significant similarities in content to urban legends. In structure, however, rumors do not look as formalized as legends. An urban legend usually has a well-elaborated plot and circulates in a complete narrative form, while a rumor's plot is generally less developed or even incoherent. The ending ofarumoroften( 4 ) the ironic or supernatural twist we generally find in a legend. durabihty. oeで Another difference between urban legends and rumors is their Although many minor and unimportant changes are made to urban legends while they are jn creulation, the core elements of plot remain unchanged through time、 and they continue to be told for many years. Conversely, rumors have shorter liyes and generally dissolve after a few weeks' circulation. For example, in the story of “the vanishing hitchhiker,” a driver gives a ride to a hitehhiker on a lonely road but subsequently discovers that the hitchhiker is really a ghost. There are a lot of variations among the specific details in the story.Sometimes the ghost is met not on a road but at a party or a restaurant. Sometimes the ghost disappears just when the vehicle drives past a graveyard. 。Sometimes the ghost leaves an item such as a book or a coat in the car, which is later identified as haying belonged to him or her. Sometimes the driver yisits the house where the ghost asked to be taken,and recognizes the hitchhiker from a family portrait. Elements Cf the “disappearing ghost" story can be found in narratives dating as far back as the late

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第 1 主 次の葵文を読み、設間に答えよ Urban legends consist of narrative accounts of events、 which are Presented as truth、hut which are in reality completely jalse。 They are usually passed on from storyteller to listener as factual accounts、with seemingly trustworthy sources。 warranted by some reliable、close acquaintanee such as ariend or relauye who eyperienced the event ( | ) or heard of it directly jrom the person or people involved. Sometimes news media are attributed as the source andl this gves additional backup to claims of being factual. The story often ends with an ironie or supernatural vist Most of these features are applicable to rumors as wel の Rumors bear significant similarities in content to urban legends。 In structure、 however, rumors do not look as formalized as legends. An urban legend usually has a well-elaborated plot and circulates in a complete narrative form, while a rumor's plot is generally less developed or even incoherent. The ending ofarumoroften ( 4 ) the ironic or supernatural tyist we generally find in a legend, Another difference between urban legends and rumors is ther 。durabihty Aljthough many minor and unimportant changes are made to urban legends while they are in cireulation, the core elements of plot remain unchanged through ime, and they continue to be told for many years。 Conversely、rumors have shorter lives and generally dissolve after a few weeks' circulation. り For example, in the story of “the vanishing hitchhiker.” a dmver gives aridetoa hitchhikker on a lonely road but subsequently discovers that the hitchhiker js really a ghost There are a lot of yariations among the specific details in the story、Sometines the ghost js met not on a road but at a party or a restaurant、Sometimes the ghost disappears just when the vehicle drives past a gaveyard。 Sometimes the ghost sleaves an itemn such as a book or a coat in the car, which is later identifed as haying belonged o him or her。、Sometimes he driver yisits the house where the ghost asked to be talken。and recognizes the hitchhiker from a family portrait Elements of tbe *disappearing ghost' story can be found in nmrratives dating as far back as 【he late

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Mookzemcmwearょうに の Tem benowr PT my rh moee eround the eunr の @ mr sm S Ar sm jet the eerth Ne am 9 @ wwatoher Diyou buy thie beeyeaterdeyr thet bag ーー PT the day betom (0 ぐ Hesaito wm"Plemse dont make noieer @ Re 5 ーー memke noieer rcienoe [回 のEXを郭んで。 あとの各問いに答えよ。 We dlame history, the glory of the past。 more ofeen under fichion than ud ー iri mumt be afnhated with one or the other。 TFnok that ia hmtory ia lowe rewt somewhere in betveen the two main divisiops of the kinds of books then 革 "mually admitted that history ia cfoser to fction than to ecionee This does not mean that a historimn moAes up his factsr hke a poet or story teler However we might get into trouble iTwe insisted too strongly that a writer of fction pkes up んis facts He creates aworid。 But this new world is no totaly diierent fom our own 一 indeed, had better not be 一 and a poetis an ordinary man。 with grdinary senees by and through which he has enrned. He does not see things that We annot see (he may see better or in a shightly different way)。 Hi charactere use wordml that we use (ofherwise we could not behieve in them) 。 It is only in dreams that human beingm create really strange new worids 一 yet even in the most fantastic dream the events and creatures of the imagination are made up out of elements of everyday experience. They are merely put together in strange new ways 人 good historian does not, of course, make up the past. He considers himself responsibly bound by some concept or oriterion of aceuracy or facts. Nevertheless。it is 3mportant to remember that the historian must alvays make up something. 。He reteither fnd a generel pattern in_ or impoee one on events: or he must LE jp kaors why the pereone jn hia story did the things they did。 He may have as genaral theoryorphiosophyr euch as fhat Provadence les human atiare。and make hishistory 硬 hat Orhe may abjure an such pattern imposed as it were from the outside or

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74 7ワエテッ析そそやっとも幸生 っロ ーーにの0のNUM 203 -a衝お っ 人るWi eo7和っ Many eople around the worid thoughNt Saturday July 7th。 2007 might be the スタ なで"5、 。。 ロてリオ day of the century. Thatis because in the Gregorian calendar, it was the ucks seventh day of the seventh month of the seventh year。 "This might explain why about three times as many weddings were reported that day in the U.S. as for a typical Saturday in July。 On the other hand, the 18th day of July in 2007 fell on a Friday 一a coincidence many believe brings bad 1uck. Why are these numbers so meaningful to some people? Tan Stewart is a British mathematician and author at the University of Warwick who also publishes an Tnternet web 1og on popular mathematics. He recently wrote an article on number symbotism for the Encyclopedia Britannica online "There is a cultural fascination with numbers, Stewart says。 and people tend to He notes that the number 13 is unlucky for many give them al sorts of significance. Western cultures, but 4 is unlucky for the Chinese, because the Chinese word for four and the Chinese word for death sound very similar. Thus, the numbers themselves dont seem to have any particular features Surprisingly the number 7 is consistently considered lucky。 even for very Eyeryone knows that in Western casinos, a person wins atthe slot dferent cultures. mmachines 下 they get friple sevens, and seven is the most probable outcome of rolling two dice. But even the ancient Greeks thought seven was a special nunnber. Stewart explains that the Pythagoreans in ancient Greece thought the number 3 represented the spiritual world. They associated the number 4 with the four essential elements in the physical world: fire, earth, ar and water. Therefore.7 一 which is 4 plus 3一 was particularly important, he says, because it embodied both the piritua】 world and the material world.